Ringfort (Rath), Ballydrum, Co. Mayo

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Ringforts

Ringfort (Rath), Ballydrum, Co. Mayo

In a pasture field in Ballydrum, Co. Mayo, a thousand or more years of landscape history are encoded in what most passers-by would see as a slightly uneven patch of ground.

The site is a rath, the Irish term for a ringfort, the most common type of early medieval settlement monument in Ireland. Typically circular enclosures defined by an earthen bank and external ditch, raths served as the enclosed farmsteads of farming families from roughly the fifth to the twelfth centuries. This particular example sits on a low rise, with the ground sloping gently southward towards a wet area fed by a spring, a detail that would have mattered enormously to whoever originally chose the spot.

The enclosure is roughly circular, measuring 25.8 metres east to west and 23.6 metres north to south, and is defined by a scarp rather than a fully intact bank. What makes the site quietly complex is how thoroughly the surrounding centuries have reworked it. Along the northern arc the scarp still stands to an external height of 1.2 metres and preserves a low internal rim. To the east the height drops to 0.6 metres. Along a further section, the outer face of the scarp has been built up with stone to function as a field fence, and along the western side the original earthwork has been replaced altogether by a straight boundary fence running roughly north to south, which now marks the western edge of a derelict farmyard immediately to the south-west. The old enclosure, in other words, has been quietly cannibalised by the agricultural infrastructure that grew up beside and eventually around it. Within the interior, the north-west quadrant sits noticeably higher than the rest, defined by a slight curving scarp. This raised area is thought to indicate the presence of a souterrain beneath, a souterrain being an underground stone-lined passage associated with early medieval settlement sites, probably used for storage or as a place of refuge.

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